### 实现支持私聊和群组聊天的Python小程序 为了构建一个既支持私聊又支持群组聊天的应用程序，可以利用 `websockets` 库来处理 WebSocket 连接。下面是一个简单的例子，它展示了一个服务器端应用程序如何管理多个客户端之间的通信。 #### 安装依赖库 首先安装所需的 Python 包： ```bash pip install websockets ``` #### 创建WebSocket服务器 定义一个异步函数作为 WebSockets 服务器的基础逻辑： ```python import asyncio import json from websockets.server import serve, WebSocketServerProtocol connected_clients = set() async def broadcast(message: str): if connected_clients: await asyncio.wait([client.send(message) for client in connected_clients]) async def handle_message(websocket: WebSocketServerProtocol, path: str): try: async for message in websocket: data = json.loads(message) if "action" not in data or ("target" not in data and data["action"] != "join"): continue action = data.get('action') match action: case 'join': user_name = data['name'] joined_msg = f'User "{user_name}" has entered the room.' print(joined_msg) # Add new connection to clients list. connected_clients.add(websocket) join_response = { 'type': 'notification', 'message': joined_msg, 'sender': '' } await broadcast(json.dumps(join_response)) case 'send_to_all': sender = data['sender'] content = data['content'] msg_for_all = { 'type': 'public_chat', 'message': content, 'sender': sender } await broadcast(json.dumps(msg_for_all)) case 'private_message': target_user = data['target'] private_content = data['content'] sender = data['sender'] pm_data = { 'type': 'private_chat', 'message': private_content, 'sender': sender } # Send only to specified recipient (if exists). for ws_client in connected_clients.copy(): if ws_client.path == f"/{target_user}": await ws_client.send(json.dumps(pm_data)) finally: # Remove disconnected users from active connections. connected_clients.discard(websocket) start_server = serve(handle_message, "localhost", 8765) asyncio.get_event_loop().run_until_complete(start_server) print("Chat server started on port 8765.") asyncio.get_event_loop().run_forever() ``` 此脚本实现了基本的功能框架，包括加入房间的通知、向所有人广播消息以及定向发送私人信息的能力[^1]。 对于前端部分，则可以通过 JavaScript 的 WebSocket API 来与上述后端服务交互，从而完成完整的实时通讯应用开发[^2]。