the domain transform recursive filtering代码
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电力系统【多目标调度+预测】数据驱动下光伏建筑群源荷不确定性解析及其储能多目标低碳经济调度研究(Python代码实现)
内容概要:本文围绕“数据驱动下光伏建筑群源荷不确定性解析及其储能多目标低碳经济调度”展开研究,提出了一种融合预测与优化的综合调度方法。首先,采用数据驱动技术对光伏发电出力与建筑用电负荷的不确定性进行建模与预测,有效提升了预测精度;在此基础上,构建了涵盖经济性、低碳性等多重目标的储能系统优化调度模型,并结合NSGA-II等多目标优化算法求解Pareto最优解集,实现能源系统的高效、低碳与经济协同运行。研究通过Python编程实现了完整的算法流程,验证了该方法在复杂不确定环境下进行建筑群能源系统智能调度的可行性与有效性。; 适合人群:具备一定电力系统、优化算法或机器学习基础,从事新能源、智能电网、综合能源系统等相关领域研究的硕士/博士研究生、科研人员及工程技术人员。; 使用场景及目标:① 掌握光伏出力与建筑负荷的不确定性建模与预测方法;② 学习多目标优化算法在储能调度中的设计与应用;③ 实现低碳经济调度策略的仿真验证与性能评估;④ 为实际建筑群能源管理系统提供算法支持与科学决策依据。; 阅读建议:此资源强调理论与实践紧密结合,建议读者在深入理解模型与算法原理的基础上,动手运行并调试所提供的Python代码,通过调整参数设置、对比不同场景,进一步掌握数据驱动与多目标优化方法在能源调度中的综合应用。
【Python开发】基于万邦API的电商数据采集系统设计:集成接口调用与数据解析全流程实现
内容概要:本文是一篇详尽的Python调用万邦API实战教程,以速卖通关键词搜索接口(aliexpress.item_search)为主线,系统讲解了从注册获取Key、安装requests库、构建请求、参数详解、解析JSON返回值,到数据清洗、翻页采集、去重、导出CSV/Excel,以及提升代码健壮性的完整流程。文章深入剖析了接口的公共参数与业务参数配置方法,解读了复杂的返回结构(包括外层元信息与内层商品数据),并提供了自定义解析、异常处理、重试机制、限流控制等实用代码模板,最后还指导如何将方案迁移到1688、京东、Lazada等其他电商平台。; 适合人群:具备基础Python编程能力,对网络爬虫、自动化数据采集或跨境电商数据分析感兴趣的研发人员、数据分析师或运营人员。; 使用场景及目标:① 实现对速卖通等电商平台的商品数据进行高效、稳定的批量采集,用于选品分析、竞品监控和价格带研究;② 学习如何构建一个健壮、可复用的第三方API调用程序,掌握错误处理、数据清洗和自动化导出的核心技能。; 阅读建议:学习时应结合文档提供的完整可运行脚本,逐步动手实践每个环节,重点关注“常见问题排查手册”中的坑点,并在真实项目中应用所学的错误码判断、数据类型安全转换和额度监控等最佳实践。
跨境电商数据采集:Python调用万邦API速卖通商品搜索接口完全教程(含完整可运行脚本)
本资源是一份从零开始的万邦API(onebound.cn)Python 调用完全教程,以速卖通关键词搜索接口(aliexpress.item_search)为主线,完整走通从注册拿 Key、安装 requests、构造请求地址、编写第一段代码,到参数逐个讲透、读懂 JSON 返回结构、自定义解析、翻页去重、导出 Excel/CSV、异常重试与限流控制的全部环节。 内容特色:① 全程可复制运行,文末附完整整合脚本,替换 KEY/SECRET 即可跑通;② 覆盖新手高频踩坑点,如 error_code 判断、price 字段类型不一致、脏数据行过滤、图片协议头补全、Unicode 中文转码、CSV 在 Excel 中乱码等;③ 附常见问题排查手册与万能排查顺序,出错时按图索骥即可定位。 适用人群:跨境电商选品运营、做竞品监控与比价系统的开发者、需要给客户提供数据服务的爬虫/数据工程师,以及想入门电商数据采集的 Python 初学者。 使用场景:批量抓取指定关键词下的商品价格、销量做价格带分析;定时拉取对手店铺上新与改价;将接口数据接入自有数据库或 BI 看板。学完后可举一反三,快速迁移到 1688、京东、Lazada 等其他平台接口。
PSO-LSTM基于PSO优化LSTM网络的电力负荷预测(Python代码实现)
内容概要:本文介绍了基于粒子群优化算法(PSO)优化长短期记忆网络(LSTM)的电力负荷预测方法,并通过Python代码实现。该方法结合PSO强大的全局搜索能力,对LSTM模型的关键超参数进行智能寻优,有效提升了模型在处理非线性、强时序性电力负荷数据时的预测精度与泛化性能。文中系统阐述了从数据预处理、模型构建、PSO优化流程到预测结果分析的完整技术链条,重点展示了如何通过优化算法克服传统LSTM参数依赖经验设定的局限性,为复杂时间序列预测提供了高效解决方案。; 适合人群:具备一定Python编程能力和机器学习基础知识,从事电力系统分析、能源管理、负荷预测等相关领域的研究人员、工程师以及高校研究生。; 使用场景及目标:①应用于电力系统的短期与中期负荷预测,提升电网调度的准确性与经济性;②作为智能优化算法与深度学习融合的典型范例,用于科研项目开发与教学实践;③目标在于通过超参数自动优化,显著降低预测模型的均方根误差(RMSE)和平均绝对百分比误差(MAPE),增强模型的鲁棒性与实用性。; 阅读建议:建议读者结合所提供的完整Python代码,深入理解PSO优化LSTM的具体实现过程,重点关注适应度函数的设计、参数编码方式及优化迭代机制,并鼓励在自有数据集上进行复现实验与调参优化,以深刻掌握模型性能提升的技术路径。
The Scientist and Engineer's Guide to Digital Signal Processing
http://www.dspguide.com/pdfbook.htm FOUNDATIONS Chapter 1 - The Breadth and Depth of DSP The Roots of DSP Telecommunications Audio Processing Echo Location Image Processing Chapter 2 - Statistics, Probability and Noise Signal and Graph Terminology Mean and Standard Deviation Signal vs. Underlying Process The Histogram, Pmf and Pdf The Normal Distribution Digital Noise Generation Precision and Accuracy Chapter 3 - ADC and DAC Quantization The Sampling Theorem Digital-to-Analog Conversion Analog Filters for Data Conversion Selecting The Antialias Filter Multirate Data Conversion Single Bit Data Conversion Chapter 4 - DSP Software Computer Numbers Fixed Point (Integers) Floating Point (Real Numbers) Number Precision Execution Speed: Program Language Execution Speed: Hardware Execution Speed: Programming Tips FUNDAMENTALS Chapter 5 - Linear Systems Signals and Systems Requirements for Linearity Static Linearity and Sinusoidal Fidelity Examples of Linear and Nonlinear Systems Special Properties of Linearity Superposition: the Foundation of DSP Common Decompositions Alternatives to Linearity Chapter 6 - Convolution The Delta Function and Impulse Response Convolution The Input Side Algorithm The Output Side Algorithm The Sum of Weighted Inputs Chapter 7 - Properties of Convolution Common Impulse Responses Mathematical Properties Correlation Speed Chapter 8 - The Discrete Fourier Transform The Family of Fourier Transform Notation and Format of the Real DFT The Frequency Domain's Independent Variable DFT Basis Functions Synthesis, Calculating the Inverse DFT Analysis, Calculating the DFT Duality Polar Notation Polar Nuisances Chapter 9 - Applications of the DFT Spectral Analysis of Signals Frequency Response of Systems Convolution via the Frequency Domain Chapter 10 - Fourier Transform Properties Linearity of the Fourier Transform Characteristics of the Phase Periodic Nature of the DFT Compression and Expansion, Multirate methods Multiplying Signals (Amplitude Modulation) The Discrete Time Fourier Transform Parseval's Relation Chapter 11 - Fourier Transform Pairs Delta Function Pairs The Sinc Function Other Transform Pairs Gibbs Effect Harmonics Chirp Signals Chapter 12 - The Fast Fourier Transform Real DFT Using the Complex DFT How the FFT works FFT Programs Speed and Precision Comparisons Further Speed Increases Chapter 13 - Continuous Signal Processing The Delta Function Convolution The Fourier Transform The Fourier Series DIGITAL FILTERS Chapter 14 - Introduction to Digital Filters Filter Basics How Information is Represented in Signals Time Domain Parameters Frequency Domain Parameters High-Pass, Band-Pass and Band-Reject Filters Filter Classification Chapter 15 - Moving Average Filters Implementation by Convolution Noise Reduction vs. Step Response Frequency Response Relatives of the Moving Average Filter Recursive Implementation Chapter 16 - Windowed-Sinc Filters Strategy of the Windowed-Sinc Designing the Filter Examples of Windowed-Sinc Filters Pushing it to the Limit Chapter 17 - Custom Filters Arbitrary Frequency Response Deconvolution Optimal Filters Chapter 18 - FFT Convolution The Overlap-Add Method FFT Convolution Speed Improvements Chapter 19 - Recursive Filters The Recursive Method Single Pole Recursive Filters Narrow-band Filters Phase Response Using Integers Chapter 20 - Chebyshev Filters The Chebyshev and Butterworth Responses Designing the Filter Step Response Overshoot Stability Chapter 21 - Filter Comparison Match #1: Analog vs. Digital Filters Match #2: Windowed-Sinc vs. Chebyshev Match #3: Moving Average vs. Single Pole APPLICATIONS Chapter 22 - Audio Processing Human Hearing Timbre Sound Quality vs. Data Rate High Fidelity Audio Companding Speech Synthesis and Recognition Nonlinear Audio Processing Chapter 23 - Image Formation & Display Digital Image Structure Cameras and Eyes Television Video Signals Other Image Acquisition and Display Brightness and Contrast Adjustments Grayscale Transforms Warping Chapter 24 - Linear Image Processing Convolution 3x3 Edge Modification Convolution by Separability Example of a Large PSF: Illumination Flattening Fourier Image Analysis FFT Convolution A Closer Look at Image Convolution Chapter 25 - Special Imaging Techniques Spatial Resolution Sample Spacing and Sampling Aperture Signal-to-Noise Ratio Morphological Image Processing Computed Tomography Chapter 26 - Neural Networks (and more!) Target Detection Neural Network Architecture Why Does it Work? Training the Neural Network Evaluating the Results Recursive Filter Design Chapter 27 - Data Compression Data Compression Strategies Run-Length Encoding Huffman Encoding Delta Encoding LZW Compression JPEG (Transform Compression) MPEG Chapter 28 - Digital Signal Processors How DSPs are Different from Other Microprocessors Circular Buffering Architecture of the Digital Signal Processor Fixed versus Floating Point C versus Assembly How Fast are DSPs? The Digital Signal Processor Market Chapter 29 - Getting Started with DSPs The ADSP-2106x family The SHARC EZ-KIT Lite Design Example: An FIR Audio Filter Analog Measurements on a DSP System Another Look at Fixed versus Floating Point Advanced Software Tools COMPLEX TECHNIQUES Chapter 30 - Complex Numbers The Complex Number System Polar Notation Using Complex Numbers by Substitution Complex Representation of Sinusoids Complex Representation of Systems Electrical Circuit Analysis Chapter 31 - The Complex Fourier Transform The Real DFT Mathematical Equivalence The Complex DFT The Family of Fourier Transforms Why the Complex Fourier Transform is Used Chapter 32 - The Laplace Transform The Nature of the s-Domain Strategy of the Laplace Transform Analysis of Electric Circuits The Importance of Poles and Zeros Filter Design in the s-Domain Chapter 33 - The z-Transform The Nature of the z-Domain Analysis of Recursive Systems Cascade and Parallel Stages Spectral Inversion Gain Changes Chebyshev-Butterworth Filter Design The Best and Worst of DSP Chapter 34 - Explaining Benford's Law Frank Benford's Discovery Homomorphic Processing The Ones Scaling Test Writing Benford's Law as a Convolution Solving in the Frequency Domain Solving Mystery #1 Solving Mystery #2 More on Following Benford's law Analysis of the Log-Normal Distribution The Power of Signal Processing copyright � 1997-2007 by California Technical Pub
Data_Compression+The+Complete+Reference+4th+edition
1 Basic Techniques 17 1.1 Intuitive Compression 17 1.2 Run-Length Encoding 22 1.3 RLE Text Compression 23 1.4 RLE Image Compression 27 1.5 Move-to-Front Coding 37 1.6 Scalar Quantization 40 1.7 Recursive Range Reduction 42 2 Statistical Methods 47 2.1 Information Theory Concepts 48 2.2 Variable-Size Codes 54 2.3 Prefix Codes 55 2.4 Tunstall Code 61 2.5 The Golomb Code 63 2.6 The Kraft-MacMillan Inequality 71 2.7 Shannon-Fano Coding 72 2.8 Huffman Coding 74 2.9 Adaptive Huffman Coding 89 2.10 MNP5 95 2.11 MNP7 100 2.12 Reliability 101 2.13 Facsimile Compression 104 2.14 Arithmetic Coding 112 xxii Contents 2.15 Adaptive Arithmetic Coding 125 2.16 The QM Coder 129 2.17 Text Compression 139 2.18 PPM 139 2.19 Context-Tree Weighting 161 3 Dictionary Methods 171 3.1 String Compression 173 3.2 Simple Dictionary Compression 174 3.3 LZ77 (Sliding Window) 176 3.4 LZSS 179 3.5 Repetition Times 182 3.6 QIC-122 184 3.7 LZX 187 3.8 LZ78 189 3.9 LZFG 192 3.10 LZRW1 195 3.11 LZRW4 198 3.12 LZW 199 3.13 LZMW 209 3.14 LZAP 212 3.15 LZY 213 3.16 LZP 214 3.17 Repetition Finder 221 3.18 UNIX Compression 224 3.19 GIF Images 225 3.20 RAR and WinRAR 226 3.21 The V.42bis Protocol 228 3.22 Various LZ Applications 229 3.23 Deflate: Zip and Gzip 230 3.24 LZMA and 7-Zip 241 3.25 PNG 246 3.26 XML Compression: XMill 251 3.27 EXE Compressors 253 3.28 CRC 254 3.29 Summary 256 3.30 Data Compression Patents 256 3.31 A Unification 259 Contents xxiii 4 Image Compression 263 4.1 Introduction 265 4.2 Approaches to Image Compression 270 4.3 Intuitive Methods 283 4.4 Image Transforms 284 4.5 Orthogonal Transforms 289 4.6 The Discrete Cosine Transform 298 4.7 Test Images 333 4.8 JPEG 337 4.9 JPEG-LS 354 4.10 Progressive Image Compression 360 4.11 JBIG 369 4.12 JBIG2 378 4.13 Simple Images: EIDAC 389 4.14 Vector Quantization 390 4.15 Adaptive Vector Quantization 398 4.16 Block Matching 403 4.17 Block Truncation Coding 406 4.18 Context-Based Methods 412 4.19 FELICS 415 4.20 Progressive FELICS 417 4.21 MLP 422 4.22 Adaptive Golomb 436 4.23 PPPM 438 4.24 CALIC 439 4.25 Differential Lossless Compression 442 4.26 DPCM 444 4.27 Context-Tree Weighting 449 4.28 Block Decomposition 450 4.29 Binary Tree Predictive Coding 454 4.30 Quadtrees 461 4.31 Quadrisection 478 4.32 Space-Filling Curves 485 4.33 Hilbert Scan and VQ 487 4.34 Finite Automata Methods 497 4.35 Iterated Function Systems 513 4.36 Cell Encoding 529 xxiv Contents 5 Wavelet Methods 531 5.1 Fourier Transform 532 5.2 The Frequency Domain 534 5.3 The Uncertainty Principle 538 5.4 Fourier Image Compression 540 5.5 The CWT and Its Inverse 543 5.6 The Haar Transform 549 5.7 Filter Banks 566 5.8 The DWT 576 5.9 Multiresolution Decomposition 589 5.10 Various Image Decompositions 589 5.11 The Lifting Scheme 596 5.12 The IWT 608 5.13 The Laplacian Pyramid 610 5.14 SPIHT 614 5.15 CREW 626 5.16 EZW 626 5.17 DjVu 630 5.18 WSQ, Fingerprint Compression 633 5.19 JPEG 2000 639 6 Video Compression 653 6.1 Analog Video 653 6.2 Composite and Components Video 658 6.3 Digital Video 660 6.4 Video Compression 664 6.5 MPEG 676 6.6 MPEG-4 698 6.7 H.261 703 6.8 H.264 706 7 Audio Compression 719 7.1 Sound 720 7.2 Digital Audio 724 7.3 The Human Auditory System 727 7.4 WAVE Audio Format 734 7.5 μ-Law and A-Law Companding 737 7.6 ADPCM Audio Compression 742 7.7 MLP Audio 744 7.8 Speech Compression 750 7.9 Shorten 757 7.10 FLAC 762 7.11 WavPack 772 7.12 Monkey’s Audio 783 7.13 MPEG-4 Audio Lossless Coding (ALS) 784 7.14 MPEG-1/2 Audio Layers 795 7.15 Advanced Audio Coding (AAC) 821 7.16 Dolby AC-3 847 Contents xxv 8 Other Methods 851 8.1 The Burrows-Wheeler Method 853 8.2 Symbol Ranking 858 8.3 ACB 862 8.4 Sort-Based Context Similarity 868 8.5 Sparse Strings 874 8.6 Word-Based Text Compression 885 8.7 Textual Image Compression 888 8.8 Dynamic Markov Coding 895 8.9 FHM Curve Compression 903 8.10 Sequitur 906 8.11 Triangle Mesh Compression: Edgebreaker 911 8.12 SCSU: Unicode Compression 922 8.13 Portable Document Format (PDF) 928 8.14 File Differencing 930 8.15 Hyperspectral Data Compression 941 Answers to Exercises 953 Bibliography 1019 Glossary 1041 Joining the Data Compression Community 1067 Index 1069
自适应信号处理(附matlab代码).doc
自适应信号处理(附matlab代码)
Channel Estimation for Adaptive
Abstract—Frequency-domain equalization (FDE) is an effective technique for high-rate wireless communications because of its reduced complexity compared to conventional time-domain equalization (TDE). In this paper, we consider adaptive FDE for single-carrier (SC) systems with explicit channel and noise-power estimation. The channel response is estimated in the frequency domain following two different approaches. The first operates independently on each frequency bin while the second exploits the fading correlation across the signal bandwidth. Leastmean- square (LMS) and recursive-least-square (RLS) algorithms are employed to update the channel estimates. The noise power is estimated using a low-complexity algorithm based on ad hoc reasoning. Compared to other existing receivers employing adaptive FDE, the proposed schemes have better error-rate performance and can be used even in the presence of relatively fast fading.
IMAGE and VIDEO COMPRESSION for MULTIMEDIA ENGINEERING Fundamentals, Algorithms, and Standards.part1.rar
ContentsSection I FundamentalsChapter 1 Introduction1.1 Practical Needs for Image and Video Compression1.2 Feasibility of Image and Video Compression1.2.1 Statistical Redundancy1.2.2 Psychovisual Redundancy1.3 Visual Quality Measurement 1.3.1 Subjective Quality Measurement1.3.2 Objective Quality Measurement1.4 Information Theory Results1.4.1 Entropy1.4.2 Shannon’s Noiseless Source Coding Theorem1.4.3 Shannon’s Noisy Channel Coding Theorem1.4.4 Shannon’s Source Coding Theorem1.4.5 Information Transmission Theorem1.5 Summary1.6 ExercisesReferencesChapter 2 Quantization2.1 Quantization and the Source Encoder2.2 Uniform Quantization 2.2.1 Basics2.2.2 Optimum Uniform Quantizer2.3 Nonuniform Quantization2.3.1 Optimum (Nonuniform) Quantization2.3.2 Companding Quantization 2.4 Adaptive Quantization2.4.1 Forward Adaptive Quantization2.4.2 Backward Adaptive Quantization2.4.3 Adaptive Quantization with a One-Word Memory2.4.4 Switched Quantization2.5 PCM2.6 Summary 2.7 ExercisesReferencesChapter 3 Differential Coding3.1 Introduction to DPCM3.1.1 Simple Pixel-to-Pixel DPCM3.1.2 General DPCM Systems3.2 Optimum Linear Prediction(C) 2000 by CRC Press LLC 3.2.1 Formulation3.2.2 Orthogonality Condition and Minimum Mean Square Error3.2.3 Solution to Yule-Walker Equations3.3 Some Issues in the Implementation of DPCM3.3.1 Optimum DPCM System3.3.2 1-D, 2-D, and 3-D DPCM 3.3.3 Order of Predictor3.3.4 Adaptive Prediction3.3.5 Effect of Transmission Errors3.4 Delta Modulation3.5 Interframe Differential Coding 3.5.1 Conditional Replenishment3.5.2 3-D DPCM3.5.3 Motion-Compensated Predictive Coding3.6 Information-Preserving Differential Coding3.7 Summary 3.8 ExercisesReferencesChapter 4 Transform Coding4.1 Introduction4.1.1 Hotelling Transform4.1.2 Statistical Interpretation4.1.3 Geometrical Interpretation4.1.4 Basis Vector Interpretation4.1.5 Procedures of Transform Coding4.2 Linear Transforms4.2.1 2-D Image Transformation Kernel 4.2.2 Basis Image Interpretation4.2.3 Subimage Size Selection4.3 Transforms of Particular Interest4.3.1 Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT)4.3.2 Discrete Walsh Transform (DWT)4.3.3 Discrete Hadamard Transform (DHT)4.3.4 Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT)4.3.5 Performance Comparison4.4 Bit Allocation4.4.1 Zonal Coding4.4.2 Threshold Coding4.5 Some Issues4.5.1 Effect of Transmission Errors4.5.2 Reconstruction Error Sources4.5.3 Comparison Between DPCM and TC 4.5.4 Hybrid Coding4.6 Summary4.7 ExercisesReferencesChapter 5 Variable-Length Coding: Information Theory Results (II)5.1 Some Fundamental Results(C) 2000 by CRC Press LLC 5.1.1 Coding an Information Source5.1.2 Some Desired Characteristics5.1.3 Discrete Memoryless Sources5.1.4 Extensions of a Discrete Memoryless Source5.2 Huffman Codes 5.2.1 Required Rules for Optimum Instantaneous Codes5.2.2 Huffman Coding Algorithm5.3 Modified Huffman Codes 5.3.1 Motivation 5.3.2 Algorithm5.3.3 Codebook Memory Requirement5.3.4 Bounds on Average Codeword Length5.4 Arithmetic Codes 5.4.1 Limitations of Huffman Coding5.4.2 Principle of Arithmetic Coding 5.4.3 Implementation Issues5.4.4 History5.4.5 Applications 5.5 Summary 5.6 ExercisesReferencesChapter 6 Run-Length and Dictionary Coding: Information Theory Results (III)6.1 Markov Source Model 6.1.1 Discrete Markov Source6.1.2 Extensions of a Discrete Markov Source6.1.3 Autoregressive (AR) Model6.2 Run-Length Coding (RLC)6.2.1 1-D Run-Length Coding6.2.2 2-D Run-Length Coding6.2.3 Effect of Transmission Error and Uncompressed Mode6.3 Digital Facsimile Coding Standards6.4 Dictionary Coding6.4.1 Formulation of Dictionary Coding6.4.2 Categorization of Dictionary-Based Coding Techniques6.4.3 Parsing Strategy 6.4.4 Sliding Window (LZ77) Algorithms6.4.5 LZ78 Algorithms6.5 International Standards for Lossless Still Image Compression6.5.1 Lossless Bilevel Still Image Compression6.5.2 Lossless Multilevel Still Image Compression6.6 Summary6.7 ExercisesReferencesSection II Still Image CompressionChapter 7 Still Image Coding Standard: JPEG7.1 Introduction7.2 Sequential DCT-Based Encoding Algorithm(C) 2000 by CRC Press LLC 7.3 Progressive DCT-Based Encoding Algorithm7.4 Lossless Coding Mode7.5 Hierarchical Coding Mode7.6 Summary7.7 ExercisesReferencesChapter 8 Wavelet Transform for Image Coding8.1 Review of the Wavelet Transform8.1.1 Definition and Comparison with Short-Time Fourier Transform8.1.2 Discrete Wavelet Transform8.2 Digital Wavelet Transform for Image Compression8.2.1 Basic Concept of Image Wavelet Transform Coding8.2.2 Embedded Image Wavelet Transform Coding Algorithms8.3 Wavelet Transform for JPEG-20008.3.1 Introduction of JPEG-20008.3.2 Verification Model of JPEG-20008.4 Summary 8.5 ExercisesReferences Chapter 9 Nonstandard Image Coding9.1 Introduction 9.2 Vector Quantization9.2.1 Basic Principle of Vector Quantization9.2.2 Several Image Coding Schemes with Vector Quantization9.2.3 Lattice VQ for Image Coding9.3 Fractal Image Coding9.3.1 Mathematical Foundation9.3.2 IFS-Based Fractal Image Coding9.3.3 Other Fractal Image Coding Methods9.4 Model-Based Coding 9.4.1 Basic Concept9.4.2 Image Modeling 9.5 Summary9.6 ExercisesReferencesSection III Motion Estimation and CompressionChapter 10 Motion Analysis and Motion Compensation10.1 Image Sequences10.2 Interframe Correlation10.3 Frame Replenishment10.4 Motion-Compensated Coding10.5 Motion Analysis10.5.1 Biological Vision Perspective10.5.2 Computer Vision Perspective10.5.3 Signal Processing Perspective(C) 2000 by CRC Press LLC 10.6 Motion Compensation for Image Sequence Processing10.6.1 Motion-Compensated Interpolation 10.6.2 Motion-Compensated Enhancement10.6.3 Motion-Compensated Restoration10.6.4 Motion-Compensated Down-Conversion10.7 Summary 10.8 ExercisesReferencesChapter 11 Block Matching11.1 Nonoverlapped, Equally Spaced, Fixed Size, Small Rectangular Block Matching11.2 Matching Criteria11.3 Searching Procedures11.3.1 Full Search11.3.2 2-D Logarithm Search11.3.3 Coarse-Fine Three-Step Search11.3.4 Conjugate Direction Search11.3.5 Subsampling in the Correlation Window11.3.6 Multiresolution Block Matching11.3.7 Thresholding Multiresolution Block Matching11.4 Matching Accuracy 11.5 Limitations with Block Matching Techniques11.6 New Improvements11.6.1 Hierarchical Block Matching11.6.2 Multigrid Block Matching11.6.3 Predictive Motion Field Segmentation11.6.4 Overlapped Block Matching11.7 Summary 11.8 ExercisesReferencesChapter 12 PEL Recursive Technique12.1 Problem Formulation 12.2 Descent Methods12.2.1 First-Order Necessary Conditions12.2.2 Second-Order Sufficient Conditions 12.2.3 Underlying Strategy12.2.4 Convergence Speed12.2.5 Steepest Descent Method12.2.6 Newton-Raphson’s Method12.2.7 Other Methods12.3 Netravali-Robbins Pel Recursive Algorithm12.3.1 Inclusion of a Neighborhood Area12.3.2 Interpolation12.3.3 Simplification12.3.4 Performance12.4 Other Pel Recursive Algorithms12.4.1 The Bergmann Algorithm (1982)12.4.2 The Bergmann Algorithm (1984)12.4.3 The Cafforio and Rocca Algorithm12.4.4 The Walker and Rao Algorithm(C) 2000 by CRC Press LLC 12.5 Performance Comparison12.6 Summary 12.7 ExercisesReferencesChapter 13 Optical Flow13.1 Fundamentals 13.1.1 2-D Motion and Optical Flow13.1.2 Aperture Problem13.1.3 Ill-Posed Inverse Problem13.1.4 Classification of Optical Flow Techniques13.2 Gradient-Based Approach13.2.1 The Horn and Schunck Method13.2.2 Modified Horn and Schunck Method 13.2.3 The Lucas and Kanade Method13.2.4 The Nagel Method13.2.5 The Uras, Girosi, Verri, and Torre Method 13.3 Correlation-Based Approach13.3.1 The Anandan Method13.3.2 The Singh Method13.3.3 The Pan, Shi, and Shu Method13.4 Multiple Attributes for Conservation Information 13.4.1 The Weng, Ahuja, and Huang Method13.4.2 The Xia and Shi Method13.5 Summary13.6 ExercisesReferencesChapter 14 Further Discussion and Summary on 2-D Motion Estimation14.1 General Characterization14.1.1 Aperture Problem 14.1.2 Ill-Posed Inverse Problem14.1.3 Conservation Information and Neighborhood Information14.1.4 Occlusion and Disocclusion14.1.5 Rigid and Nonrigid Motion14.2 Different Classifications14.2.1 Deterministic Methods vs. Stochastic Methods14.2.2 Spatial Domain Methods vs. Frequency Domain Methods 14.2.3 Region-Based Approaches vs. Gradient-Based Approaches14.2.4 Forward vs. Backward Motion Estimation14.3 Performance Comparison Among Three Major Approaches14.3.1 Three Representatives 14.3.2 Algorithm Parameters14.3.3 Experimental Results and Observations 14.4 New Trends14.4.1 DCT-Based Motion Estimation14.5 Summary14.6 ExercisesReferences(C) 2000 by CRC Press LLC Section IV Video CompressionChapter 15 Fundamentals of Digital Video Coding15.1 Digital Video Representation15.2 Information Theory Results (IV): Rate Distortion Function of Video Signal15.3 Digital Video Formats15.4 Current Status of Digital Video/Image Coding Standards15.5 Summary15.6 ExercisesReferencesChapter 16 Digital Video Coding Standards — MPEG-1/2 Video16.1 Introduction16.2 Features of MPEG-1/2 Video Coding 16.2.1 MPEG-1 Features16.2.2 MPEG-2 Enhancements16.3 MPEG-2 Video Encoding16.3.1 Introduction16.3.2 Preprocessing16.3.3 Motion Estimation and Motion Compensation16.4 Rate Control16.4.1 Introduction of Rate Control16.4.2 Rate Control of Test Model 5 (TM5) for MPEG-216.5 Optimum Mode Decision16.5.1 Problem Formation16.5.2 Procedure for Obtaining the Optimal Mode16.5.3 Practical Solution with New Criteria for the Selection of Coding Mode16.6 Statistical Multiplexing Operations on Multiple Program Encoding16.6.1 Background of Statistical Multiplexing Operation16.6.2 VBR Encoders in StatMux 16.6.3 Research Topics of StatMux16.7 Summary 16.8 ExercisesReferencesChapter 17 Application Issues of MPEG-1/2 Video Coding17.1 Introduction17.2 ATSC DTV Standards17.2.1 A Brief History17.2.2 Technical Overview of ATSC Systems17.3 Transcoding with Bitstream Scaling17.3.1 Background17.3.2 Basic Principles of Bitstream Scaling 17.3.3 Architectures of Bitstream Scaling17.3.4 Analysis 17.4 Down-Conversion Decoder17.4.1 Background17.4.2 Frequency Synthesis Down-Conversion(C) 2000 by CRC Press LLC 17.4.3 Low-Resolution Motion Compensation17.4.4 Three-Layer Scalable Decoder17.4.5 Summary of Down-Conversion Decoder17.4.6 DCT-to-Spatial Transformation17.4.7 Full-Resolution Motion Compensation in Matrix Form 17.5 Error Concealment17.5.1 Background17.5.2 Error Concealment Algorithms17.5.3 Algorithm Enhancements17.5.4 Summary of Error Concealment17.6 Summary17.7 ExercisesReferencesChapter 18 MPEG-4 Video Standard: Content-Based Video Coding18.1 Introduction18.2 MPEG-4 Requirements and Functionalities18.2.1 Content-Based Interactivity18.2.2 Content-Based Efficient Compression18.2.3 Universal Access 18.2.4 Summary of MPEG-4 Features18.3 Technical Description of MPEG-4 Video18.3.1 Overview of MPEG-4 Video18.3.2 Motion Estimation and Compensation 18.3.3 Texture Coding18.3.4 Shape Coding 18.3.5 Sprite Coding18.3.6 Interlaced Video Coding18.3.7 Wavelet-Based Texture Coding18.3.8 Generalized Spatial and Temporal Scalability18.3.9 Error Resilience18.4 MPEG-4 Visual Bitstream Syntax and Semantics 18.5 MPEG-4 Video Verification Model18.5.1 VOP-Based Encoding and Decoding Process18.5.2 Video Encoder18.5.3 Video Decoder18.6 Summary 18.7 ExercisesReferenceChapter 19 ITU-T Video Coding Standards H.261 and H.26319.1 Introduction19.2 H.261 Video-Coding Standard19.2.1 Overview of H.261 Video-Coding Standard19.2.2 Technical Detail of H.26119.2.3 Syntax Description19.3 H.263 Video-Coding Standard19.3.1 Overview of H.263 Video Coding19.3.2 Technical Features of H.26319.4 H.263 Video-Coding Standard Version 2(C) 2000 by CRC Press LLC 19.4.1 Overview of H.263 Version 2 19.4.2 New Features of H.263 Version 219.5 H.263++ Video Coding and H.26L19.6 Summary19.7 ExercisesReferencesChapter 20 MPEG System — Video, Audio, and Data Multiplexing20.1 Introduction 20.2 MPEG-2 System 20.2.1 Major Technical Definitions in MPEG-2 System Document20.2.2 Transport Streams20.2.3 Transport Stream Splicing20.2.4 Program Streams20.2.5 Timing Model and Synchronization 20.3 MPEG-4 System20.3.1 Overview and Architecture20.3.2 Systems Decoder Model20.3.3 Scene Description20.3.4 Object Description Framework20.4 Summary20.5 ExercisesReferences
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