### Django+MySQL 学生信息管理系统开发教程 以下是一个详细的新手教程，涵盖学生信息管理系统的增删改查、登录验证、弹出框提示、表格展示以及条件查询功能。 --- #### 1. 环境搭建与项目初始化 确保已安装Python和Django，并创建一个新的Django项目。 ```bash pip install django mysqlclient django-admin startproject student_management cd student_management python manage.py startapp students ``` 在`settings.py`中配置MySQL数据库连接[^1]： ```python DATABASES = { 'default': { 'ENGINE': 'django.db.backends.mysql', 'NAME': 'student_db', 'USER': 'root', 'PASSWORD': 'your_password', 'HOST': 'localhost', 'PORT': '3306', } } ``` 将`students`应用添加到`INSTALLED_APPS`中。 --- #### 2. 数据库模型设计 定义学生信息的数据库模型。 ```python # models.py from django.db import models class Student(models.Model): s_id = models.CharField(max_length=20, unique=True, verbose_name="学号") s_name = models.CharField(max_length=30, verbose_name="姓名") s_gender = models.CharField(max_length=10, choices=[('male', '男'), ('female', '女')], verbose_name="性别") s_age = models.IntegerField(verbose_name="年龄") s_major = models.CharField(max_length=50, verbose_name="专业") def __str__(self): return self.s_name ``` 运行迁移命令以创建数据库表。 ```bash python manage.py makemigrations python manage.py migrate ``` --- #### 3. 登录验证功能 实现基于用户名和密码的登录验证。 在`settings.py`中启用自定义认证后端： ```python AUTHENTICATION_BACKENDS = ['students.backends.StudentBackend'] ``` 创建自定义认证后端。 ```python # backends.py from django.contrib.auth.backends import BaseBackend from .models import Student class StudentBackend(BaseBackend): def authenticate(self, request, username=None, password=None): try: student = Student.objects.get(s_username=username) if student.s_password == password: # 实际应用中应使用加密 return student except Student.DoesNotExist: return None def get_user(self, user_id): try: return Student.objects.get(pk=user_id) except Student.DoesNotExist: return None ``` 登录视图示例： ```python # views.py from django.shortcuts import render, redirect from django.contrib.auth import authenticate, login def login_view(request): if request.method == 'POST': username = request.POST['username'] password = request.POST['password'] user = authenticate(request, username=username, password=password) if user is not None: login(request, user) return redirect('student_list') else: return render(request, 'login.html', {'error': 'Invalid credentials'}) return render(request, 'login.html') ``` 登录页面模板： ```html <!-- login.html --> <form method="post"> {% csrf_token %} <input type="text" name="username" placeholder="Username" required> <input type="password" name="password" placeholder="Password" required> <button type="submit">Login</button> </form> {% if error %} <script>alert("{{ error }}");</script> {% endif %} ``` --- #### 4. 表格展示学生信息 通过视图函数查询并展示学生信息。 ```python # views.py from django.shortcuts import render from .models import Student def student_list(request): students = Student.objects.all() return render(request, 'student_list.html', {'students': students}) ``` 前端表格展示： ```html <!-- student_list.html --> <table border="1"> <tr> <th>学号</th> <th>姓名</th> <th>性别</th> <th>年龄</th> <th>专业</th> <th>操作</th> </tr> {% for student in students %} <tr> <td>{{ student.s_id }}</td> <td>{{ student.s_name }}</td> <td>{{ student.s_gender }}</td> <td>{{ student.s_age }}</td> <td>{{ student.s_major }}</td> <td> <a href="{% url 'edit_student' student.id %}">编辑</a> | <a href="{% url 'delete_student' student.id %}" onclick="return confirm('确认删除？')">删除</a> </td> </tr> {% endfor %} </table> ``` --- #### 5. 增删改功能 **新增学生信息：** ```python # views.py from django.shortcuts import render, redirect from .forms import StudentForm def add_student(request): if request.method == 'POST': form = StudentForm(request.POST) if form.is_valid(): form.save() return redirect('student_list') else: form = StudentForm() return render(request, 'add_student.html', {'form': form}) ``` 表单类定义： ```python # forms.py from django import forms from .models import Student class StudentForm(forms.ModelForm): class Meta: model = Student fields = ['s_id', 's_name', 's_gender', 's_age', 's_major'] ``` **编辑学生信息：** ```python # views.py def edit_student(request, pk): student = Student.objects.get(id=pk) if request.method == 'POST': form = StudentForm(request.POST, instance=student) if form.is_valid(): form.save() return redirect('student_list') else: form = StudentForm(instance=student) return render(request, 'edit_student.html', {'form': form}) ``` **删除学生信息：** ```python # views.py from django.shortcuts import redirect from .models import Student def delete_student(request, pk): student = Student.objects.get(id=pk) student.delete() return redirect('student_list') ``` --- #### 6. 条件查询功能 实现按条件查询学生信息。 ```python # views.py def search_student(request): query = request.GET.get('query', '') students = Student.objects.filter(s_id__icontains=query) | Student.objects.filter(s_major__icontains=query) return render(request, 'student_list.html', {'students': students}) ``` 前端搜索框： ```html <form method="get"> <input type="text" name="query" placeholder="Search by ID or Major"> <button type="submit">Search</button> </form> ``` --- #### 7. 拓展功能：管理员信息管理 管理员可以修改自己的密码。 ```python # views.py from django.contrib.auth.hashers import make_password def change_password(request): if request.method == 'POST': new_password = request.POST['new_password'] user = request.user user.s_password = make_password(new_password) user.save() return redirect('login_view') return render(request, 'change_password.html') ``` --- ###