SETUP REQUEST 消息中根据什么信息填写 RAT Information

计算机二级考试Office、Python及C语言核心知识点整理与高频考点复习笔记

本资源为计算机二级考试备考复习笔记合集，围绕计算机二级考试的核心知识点、常见考点及重点难点进行系统整理，适合备考人员日常学习、知识巩固和考前冲刺使用。资源内容涵盖计算机基础知识、重点知识梳理、常见易错知识点及相关操作技巧，帮助考生建立清晰的知识体系，提高复习效率。资源特色： 1. 知识点系统整理：归纳考试重点内容，便于快速理解和记忆。 2. 重点难点突出：针对高频考点和易错知识点进行总结，帮助查漏补缺。 3. 复习便捷高效：采用笔记汇总形式，方便日常学习、考前速查和集中复习。 4. 实用性强：可作为计算机二级考试的辅助学习资料，适合自主学习和考前强化训练。使用方法：下载ZIP压缩包后解压，根据个人备考科目选择对应笔记进行学习。建议结合考试大纲、历年真题和模拟练习使用，以提高知识掌握程度和实际应试能力。适用人群：计算机二级考试备考人员、计算机基础课程学习者及希望巩固相关知识的学生。

深圳LTE网络CSFB功能开启的介绍-中兴区域(参考).doc

LTE from A to Z (part1 of 3)

著名培训机构的LTE培训教材。深入浅出，从基本概念到深入描述。是一份比较全面的教材。全文367页。有料有内容。是一份难得的教材。文件比较大，所以拆成3部分。这是part1 LTE from A-Z Technology and Concepts of the 4G 3GPP Standard Table of Content Principles and Motivation of LTE............................................1 1.1 Mobile Radio: Comparison between 3G and 4G..................2 1.1.1 Performance and Mobility Management related Issues..............2 1.1.2 Architecture related Issues..........................................................4 1.1.3 Procedure and Radio related Issues...........................................6 1.2 Requirements on LTE............................................................8 1.2.1 General Requirements................................................................8 1.2.1.1 Support of Enhanced Quadruple Play Services............................10 1.2.1.2 Very High Data Rates @ flexible bandwidth deployment ((1.25) 5 – 20 MHz).....................................................................................................10 1.2.1.3 AIPN and PS services only............................................................10 1.2.2 Important Characteristics of LTE Physical Layer.......................12 1.2.2.1 General Physical Layer Characteristics.........................................12 1.2.2.1.1 OFDM ..................................................................................12 1.2.2.1.2 Scalable Bandwidth..............................................................13 1.2.2.1.3 Smart Antenna Technology..................................................14 1.2.2.1.4 Fast scheduling and AMC.....................................................14 1.2.2.1.5 No Soft(er) handover............................................................14 1.2.3.2 OFDM/OFDMA..............................................................................16 1.2.3.2.1 Traditional narrowband communication................................16 1.2.3.2.2 Problems for wideband signals.............................................1

LTE from A-Z 培训教材（part2 of 3)

著名培训机构的LTE培训教材。深入浅出，从基本概念到深入描述。是一份比较全面的教材。全文367页。有料有内容。是一份难得的教材。文件比较大，所以拆成3部分。这是part2 LTE from A-Z Technology and Concepts of the 4G 3GPP Standard Table of Content Principles and Motivation of LTE............................................1 1.1 Mobile Radio: Comparison between 3G and 4G..................2 1.1.1 Performance and Mobility Management related Issues..............2 1.1.2 Architecture related Issues..........................................................4 1.1.3 Procedure and Radio related Issues...........................................6 1.2 Requirements on LTE............................................................8 1.2.1 General Requirements................................................................8 1.2.1.1 Support of Enhanced Quadruple Play Services............................10 1.2.1.2 Very High Data Rates @ flexible bandwidth deployment ((1.25) 5 – 20 MHz).....................................................................................................10 1.2.1.3 AIPN and PS services only............................................................10 1.2.2 Important Characteristics of LTE Physical Layer.......................12 1.2.2.1 General Physical Layer Characteristics.........................................12 1.2.2.1.1 OFDM ..................................................................................12 1.2.2.1.2 Scalable Bandwidth..............................................................13 1.2.2.1.3 Smart Antenna Technology..................................................14 1.2.2.1.4 Fast scheduling and AMC.....................................................14 1.2.2.1.5 No Soft(er) handover............................................................14 1.2.3.2 OFDM/OFDMA..............................................................................16 1.2.3.2.1 Traditional narrowband communication................................16 1.2.3.2.2 Problems for wideband signals.............................................1

LTE from A to Z

著名培训机构的LTE培训教材。深入浅出，从基本概念到深入描述。是一份比较全面的教材。全文367页。有料有内容。是一份难得的教材。文件比较大，所以拆成3部分。这是part3 LTE from A-Z Technology and Concepts of the 4G 3GPP Standard Table of Content Principles and Motivation of LTE............................................1 1.1 Mobile Radio: Comparison between 3G and 4G..................2 1.1.1 Performance and Mobility Management related Issues..............2 1.1.2 Architecture related Issues..........................................................4 1.1.3 Procedure and Radio related Issues...........................................6 1.2 Requirements on LTE............................................................8 1.2.1 General Requirements................................................................8 1.2.1.1 Support of Enhanced Quadruple Play Services............................10 1.2.1.2 Very High Data Rates @ flexible bandwidth deployment ((1.25) 5 – 20 MHz).....................................................................................................10 1.2.1.3 AIPN and PS services only............................................................10 1.2.2 Important Characteristics of LTE Physical Layer.......................12 1.2.2.1 General Physical Layer Characteristics.........................................12 1.2.2.1.1 OFDM ..................................................................................12 1.2.2.1.2 Scalable Bandwidth..............................................................13 1.2.2.1.3 Smart Antenna Technology..................................................14 1.2.2.1.4 Fast scheduling and AMC.....................................................14 1.2.2.1.5 No Soft(er) handover............................................................14 1.2.3.2 OFDM/OFDMA..............................................................................16 1.2.3.2.1 Traditional narrowband communication................................16 1.2.3.2.2 Problems for wideband signals.............................................17 1.2.3.2.3 OFDM...................................................................................17 1.2.3.2.4 OFDM and OFDMA..............................................................17 1.2.3.2.5 LTE and OFDM.....................................................................17 1.2.3.3 Smart Antenna Technology in LTE................................................18 1.2.3.3.1 Categorization of Smart Antenna Technologies...................18 1.2.3.3.1.1 SISO.............................................................................18 1.2.3.3.1.2 SIMO............................................................................18 1.2.3.3.1.3 MISO............................................................................19 1.2.3.3.1.4 MIMO...........................................................................19 1.2.3.3.2 Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)..................................20 1.2.3.3.2.1 Multiple carrier technology...........................................21 1.2.3.3.2.2 MIMO...........................................................................21 1.2.3.3.3 Adaptive Antenna Systems (AAS)........................................22 1.2.3.3.3.1 Signal generation.........................................................23 1.2.3.3.3.2 Constructive superimposition at the intended receiver 23 1.2.3.3.3.3 Destructive superimposition at the not intended receiver .......................................................................................................23 1.2.3.3.3.4 Generation of signals for multiple UE’s........................23 1.2.3.4 Macro Diversity exploitation by SFN..............................................24 1.2.3.4.1 Requirements for MBMS services........................................24 1.2.3.4.2 MBMS operation with a SFN.................................................24 1.2.3.4.3 SFN for point to point services..............................................25 1.2.3.5 The Frequency Bands Intended for LTE.......................................26 1.2.3.5.1 Exclusive usage....................................................................27 1.2.3.5.2 Refarming.............................................................................27 1.2.3.5.3 Licensed operation................................................................27 1.2.3.5.4 Unlicensed operation............................................................27 1.2.3.6 Flexible Bandwidths, Parameters..................................................28 1.2.3.6.1 Fixed subcarrier separation..................................................28 1.2.3.6.2 Usage of carriers in the middle of the bandwidth for PBCH and synchronization signals.................................................................29 1.2.3.6.3 Deployment Scenarios..........................................................30 1.2.4 Important Characteristics of the LTE Layer 2 and 3..................32 1.2.4.1 Support of the new LTE L1............................................................32 1.2.4.2 Simple IP centric protocols supporting AIPN.................................32 1.2.4.3 Support of various inter RAT handovers (GSM, UTRA, etc.)........33 1.3 LTE and System Architecture Evolution (SAE)..................34 1.3.1 Overview...................................................................................34 1.3.1.1 Missing RNC..................................................................................34 1.3.1.2 Interconnected eNB’s....................................................................35 1.3.1.3 Separate entities for user plane and control plane in the EPC......36 1.3.1.4 Combined Serving Gateway and MME.........................................36 1.3.1.5 Combined Serving and PDN Gateways........................................36 1.3.1.6 S1-flex...........................................................................................36 1.3.1.7 Used legacy elements...................................................................36 1.3.1.8 Roaming case................................................................................36 1.3.1.9 Direct Tunnel.................................................................................36 1.3.1.10 EPS, EPC, E-UTRAN & LTE, SAE..............................................36 1.3.2 The eNB....................................................................................38 1.3.2.1 Selection of MME at attachment....................................................39 1.3.2.2 Scheduling of paging messages....................................................39 1.3.2.3 Routing of user plane data to Serving GW....................................40 1.3.2.4 PDCP.............................................................................................40 1.3.2.5 RRM/RRC......................................................................................40 1.3.2.6 RLC...............................................................................................40 1.3.2.7 MAC...............................................................................................40 1.3.2.8 Complete L1 functionality..............................................................40 1.3.3 The MME...................................................................................42 1.3.3.1 NAS signalling...............................................................................42 1.3.3.2 Inter CN node signaling (3GPP networks).....................................42 1.3.3.3 Security management....................................................................42 1.3.4 The Serving GW........................................................................44 1.3.4.1 Termination of U-plane packets for paging reasons......................44 1.3.4.2 Support of UE mobility anchoring by switching U-plane during inter eNB handover............................................................................................44 1.3.4.3 Transport Packet Marking According to QCI.................................45 1.3.4.4 Mobility anchoring for inter-3GPP mobility....................................45 1.3.4.5 Packet routing and forwarding.......................................................45 1.3.4.6 Charging support...........................................................................45 1.3.4.7 Lawful interception.........................................................................45 1.3.5 The PDN GW............................................................................46 1.3.5.1 Termination towards of PDN’s.......................................................46 1.3.5.2 Policy enforcement........................................................................46 1.3.5.3 Charging support...........................................................................46 1.3.5.4 DHCPv4 and DHCPv6 functions...................................................47 1.3.6 Identifiers of the UE and the Network Elements........................48 1.3.6.1 PLMN ID........................................................................................50 1.3.6.2 EPS Bearer ID...............................................................................50 1.3.6.3 MMEI.............................................................................................50 1.3.6.4 GUMMEI........................................................................................50 1.3.6.5 Physical Cell ID.............................................................................50 1.3.6.6 eNB/cell ID.....................................................................................50 1.3.6.7 TAI.................................................................................................50 1.3.6.8 C-RNTI..........................................................................................50 1.3.6.9 RA-RNTI........................................................................................50 1.3.6.10 SI-RNTI........................................................................................50 1.3.6.11 P-RNTI.........................................................................................50 1.3.6.12 Random Value.............................................................................50 1.3.6.13 IMSI, S-TMSI, and IMEI...............................................................52 1.3.6.14 GUTI............................................................................................52 1.3.6.15 eNB S1-AP UE ID and MME S1-AP UE ID.................................52 1.4 The E-UTRAN Protocol Stack..............................................54 1.4.1 Control Plane Protocol Stack....................................................54 1.4.1.1 Air Interface protocols....................................................................55 1.4.1.2 NAS protocols................................................................................56 1.4.2 User Plane Protocol Stack........................................................58 1.4.2.1 Air Interface protocols....................................................................58 1.4.2.2 S1 protocol....................................................................................58 1.4.3 X2 Interface Control Plane Protocol Stack................................60 1.4.4 X2 User Plane Protocol Stack...................................................62 1.5 Overview Channels of E-UTRAN.........................................64 1.5.1 Channel Types..........................................................................64 1.5.1.1 Logical Channels...........................................................................64 1.5.1.2 Transport Channels.......................................................................64 1.5.1.3 Physical Channels.........................................................................65 1.5.2 Logical Channels of E-UTRAN..................................................66 1.5.2.1 BCCH............................................................................................66 1.5.2.2 PCCH............................................................................................66 1.5.2.3 CCCH............................................................................................66 1.5.2.4 MCCH............................................................................................66 1.5.2.5 DCCH............................................................................................67 1.5.2.6 DTCH.............................................................................................67 1.5.2.7 MTCH............................................................................................67 1.5.3 Transport Channels of E-UTRAN..............................................68 1.5.3.1 RACH............................................................................................68 1.5.3.2 UL-SCH.........................................................................................68 1.5.3.3 BCH...............................................................................................68 1.5.3.4 PCH...............................................................................................68 1.5.3.5 MCH..............................................................................................69 1.5.3.6 DL-SCH.........................................................................................69 1.5.4 Physical Channels of E-UTRAN................................................70 1.5.4.1 PBCH.............................................................................................70 1.5.4.2 PDCCH..........................................................................................70 1.5.4.3 PCFICH.........................................................................................71 1.5.4.4 PUCCH..........................................................................................71 1.5.4.5 PRACH..........................................................................................71 1.5.4.6 PHICH...........................................................................................72 1.5.4.7 PDSCH..........................................................................................72 1.5.4.8 PMCH............................................................................................72 1.5.4.9 PUSCH..........................................................................................72 1.5.4.10 Downlink reference signal...........................................................72 1.5.4.11 Primary and secondary synchronization signal...........................72 1.5.4.12 Uplink reference signal or UL pilot symbol..................................72 1.5.4.13 Uplink sounding signal.................................................................72 1.5.4.14 Random Access Preamble..........................................................72 1.5.5 Mapping of Channels in E-UTRAN............................................74 1.6 Key Development Trends manifested in LTE.....................76 1.6.1 Mapping of User Plane Packets to the Resources....................76 1.6.1.1 Method 1: Fast resource allocation on optimum resources...........77 1.6.1.2 Method 2: Slow resource allocation on suboptimum resources....78 1.6.1.3 GSM..............................................................................................78 1.6.1.4 WCDMA.........................................................................................78 1.6.1.5 HSPA.............................................................................................78 1.6.1.6 LTE................................................................................................78 1.6.1.7 General trend.................................................................................78 1.6.2 All IP Network and Simple Packet Service Driven Protocols.....80 1.6.2.1 Reduced User Plane Latency........................................................82 1.6.2.1 Reduced Control Plane Latency....................................................84 1.7 LTE Key Feature Summary..................................................86 1.7.1 Air Interface Technology...........................................................86 1.7.2 System Architecture..................................................................87 1.7.3 Service Aspects........................................................................87 Key Technologies of the LTE Physical Layer......................89 2.1 Introduction OFDM Technology..........................................90 2.1.1 Impact of Orthogonality in the Frequency Domain – 3 Steps....90 2.1.2 Practical Exercise: Physical Basics of OFDM / OFDMA...........96 2.1.3 Practical Exercise: Scaling of OFDM / OFDMA-Systems..........98 2.1.4 The In-Phase – Quadrature (I/Q) Presentation.......................100 2.1.5 OFDM / OFDMA and IFFT......................................................102 2.1.5.1 Considering the Discrete Oscillator Array Option........................103 2.1.5.2 Details of the IFFT Option...........................................................103 2.1.5.3 Why is it called F a s t Fourier Transformation?..........................103 2.1.6 Modulation Scheme Overview.................................................104 2.1.8 Tackling Inter-Symbol Interference (ISI)..................................108 2.1.8.1 Introduction..................................................................................108 2.1.8.1.1 Delay Spread......................................................................108 2.1.8.2 Cyclic Prefix.................................................................................110 2.1.8.2.1 Variable Duration and other Assets of the Cyclic Prefix.....111 2.1.8.2.2 Cyclic Prefix in OFDMA in LTE...........................................111 2.1.9 Layout of a Typical OFDM System..........................................112 2.1.9.1 Remarks on the Brick Wall Image...............................................113 2.1.9.2 Subchannelization ......................................................................113 2.1.9.3 Pilot Subcarriers..........................................................................113 2.1.9.4 Null Subcarriers...........................................................................113 2.2 Introduction to MIMO Technology....................................114 2.2.1 The Basics: Signal Fading Physics between TX and RX........114 2.2.2 Multiplexing Dimensions.........................................................116 2.2.2 Multiplexing Dimensions.........................................................118 2.2.3 The Multipath Dimension........................................................120 2.2.6 MIMO General Operation........................................................122 The Physical Layer of E-UTRAN..........................................125 3.1 The Use of OFDM/OFDMA in LTE.....................................126 3.1.1 Frame Structure......................................................................126 3.1.1.1 The generic frame structure........................................................126 3.1.1.2 The downlink slots.......................................................................127 3.1.1.3 The uplink slots............................................................................127 3.1.1.4 The frame structure type 2..........................................................127 3.1.2 LTE Parameters......................................................................128 3.1.2.1 The normal configuration.............................................................128 3.1.2.2 The extended configuration with 15 kHz subcarrier separation...128 3.1.2.3 The extended configuration with 7.5 kHz subcarrier separation..129 3.1.2 Resource Element and Resource Block Definition..................130 3.1.2.1 Definition Resource Element.......................................................130 3.1.2.2 Definition Resource Block...........................................................130 3.1.2.3 Definition Subframe.....................................................................130 3.1.2.4 Number of resource blocks in a given bandwidth........................131 3.1.3 Choice of the UL Transmission Scheme (UL Data Symbols only) .........................................................................................................132 3.1.3.1 What would happen if OFDM would be used in the UL...............133 3.1.3.2 SC-FDMA is used for the UL.......................................................133 3.1.4 FDD and TDD Operation in E-UTRAN....................................134 3.1.4.1 Reciprocity...................................................................................134 3.1.4.1.1 Reciprocity of the mobile radio channel..............................134 3.1.4.1.2 Speed of scheduling decisions...........................................135 3.1.4.2 UL / DL Asymmetry and Others...................................................136 3.1.4.2.1 UL/DL symmetry.................................................................136 3.1.4.2.2 Interference scenarios........................................................136 3.1.4.2.3 TRX architecture.................................................................137 3.1.4.2.4 Deployment in a given frequency band...............................137 3.1.4.3 Summary FDD vs. TDD...............................................................138 3.2 The DL Physical Channels and their Frame Structures. .140 3.2.1 Allocation of DL Physical Channels to Resource Elements....140 3.2.1.1 Not used subcarriers...................................................................142 3.2.1.2 Primary Synchronization Signal...................................................142 3.2.1.3 Secondary Synchronization Signal..............................................142 3.2.1.4 Pilot or Reference Signal.............................................................142 3.2.1.5 PBCH...........................................................................................142 3.2.1.6 PCFICH.......................................................................................142 3.2.1.7 PHICH.........................................................................................142 3.2.1.8 PDCCH........................................................................................142 3.2.1.9 PDSCH (and PMCH)...................................................................142 3.2.2 System Information on PBCH and PDSCH.............................144 3.2.2.1 Split of the BCH on the PBCH and the PDSCH..........................144 3.2.3 PCFICH, PDCCH, and PHICH................................................146 3.2.3.1 The PCFICH................................................................................147 3.2.3.2 The PDCCH.................................................................................148 3.2.3.3 The PHICH..................................................................................148 3.2.4 The Downlink Processing Chain.............................................150 3.2.4.1 Encoded transport block bits.......................................................150 3.2.4.2 Scrambling...................................................................................150 3.2.4.3 Modulator.....................................................................................152 3.2.4.4 Layer Mapper..............................................................................152 3.2.4.5 Precoding....................................................................................152 3.2.4.6 OFDM signal generation..............................................................152 3.2.4.7 CP and IFFT................................................................................152 3.3 The UL Physical Channels and their Frame Structures. .154 3.3.1 Overview UL Physical Channels (RRC_CONNECTED).........154 3.3.1.1 Scheduling Request (SR) on the PUCCH...................................154 3.3.1.2 Small amount of L1 information on the PUCCH..........................155 3.3.1.3 Big amount of L1 information on the PUSCH..............................155 3.3.1.4 L1 information on the PUSCH multiplexed with the TrCH data...155 3.3.1.5 Sounding reference symbols PUSCH resources.........................155 3.3.2 Overview PUCCH...................................................................156 3.3.3 PUCCH Mapping for ACK/NACK only and Scheduling Request .........................................................................................................158 3.3.3.1 Usage of Zadoff-Chu sequences.................................................158 3.3.3.2 Spreading of repeated data Zadoff-Chu symbols........................160 3.3.3.3 Spreading of reference Zadoff-Chu symbols...............................160 3.3.3.3 PUCCH Format 1........................................................................160 3.3.3.4 PUCCH Formats 1a and 1b.........................................................160 3.3.3.5 Shortened PUCCH Formats 1a and 1b.......................................160 3.3.3.6 Multiple access of the PUCCH....................................................160 3.3.4 Shared usage of Resources with CAZAC Sequences............162 3.3.4.1 Zadoff-Chu sequences are CAZAC sequences..........................163 3.3.4.2 Separation of different UE’s with cyclic shifted Zadoff-Chu sequences...............................................................................................163 3.3.5.1 PUCCH Format 2........................................................................164 3.3.5.2 PUCCH Formats 2a and 2b.........................................................165 3.3.6 The Uplink Processing Chain..................................................166 3.3.6.1 Transport block bits.....................................................................166 3.3.6.2 Scrambling...................................................................................166 3.3.6.3 Modulator.....................................................................................166 3.3.6.4 DFT pre-coder.............................................................................166 3.3.6.5 Demultiplexing of signals other than data....................................167 3.3.6.6 Resource element mapper..........................................................167 3.3.6.7 IFFT.............................................................................................167 3.3.6.7 CP................................................................................................167 3.4 Overview all Physical Channels........................................168 3.4.1 Special usage of the 6 RB around the DC carrier...................169 3.4.2 Multiplexing of the PCFICH, PDCCH and the PDSCH/PMCH in the normal DL subframe...................................................................170 3.4.3 Sounding reference signal.......................................................170 3.4.4 Modulation of the physical channels.......................................170 3.4.5 Channel coding.......................................................................170 3.5 Physical Layer Procedures...............................................172 3.5.1 Timing Advance Control..........................................................174 3.5.1.1 Principle.......................................................................................174 3.5.1.2 Procedure....................................................................................178 3.5.1.2.1 TA while the UE is not synchronized to the eNB................178 3.5.1.2.2 TA while the UE is synchronized to the eNB......................179 3.5.2 Channel Estimation DL...........................................................180 3.5.2.1 Channel Estimation Principle of LTE...........................................180 3.5.2.1.1 The description of the mobile radio channel.......................180 3.5.2.1.2 Coping with a frequency selective mobile radio channel....182 3.5.2.2 Channel Estimation Downlink......................................................184 3.5.2.2.1 Normal configuration with 4 TX antennas...........................184 3.5.2.2.2 Normal configuration with less than 4 TX antennas...........185 3.5.2.2.3 Extended configuration with 15 kHz subcarrier spacing.....185 3.5.2.2.4 Extended configuration with 15 kHz subcarrier spacing for MBSFN..............................................................................................185 3.5.2.2.5 Extended configuration with 7.5 kHz subcarrier spacing for MBSFN..............................................................................................185 3.5.3 Power Control Principle (PUSCH)...........................................186 3.5.4.1 The Transmission Diversity Problem...........................................188 3.5.4.1.1 Receive diversity.................................................................188 3.5.4.1.2 Unsuccessful transmit diversity...........................................189 3.5.4.2 AAS in LTE............................................................................190 3.5.4.2.1 Practical Exercise: Draw the Antenna Diagram of AAS......192 3.5.4.3 CDD.............................................................................................194 3.5.4.3.1 Delay diversity.....................................................................194 3.5.4.3.2 Cyclic delay diversity...........................................................194 3.5.4.3.3 Cyclic delay diversity and MIMO.........................................195 3.5.4.4 SFBC...........................................................................................196 3.5.4.4.1 Space Frequency Block Codes...........................................197 3.5.4.4.2 Space Time Block Codes....................................................197 3.5.4.5 MIMO...........................................................................................198 3.5.4.5.1 MIMO and AAS combined = multiple rank beamforming....199 3.5.4.5.2 When MIMO fails................................................................199 3.5.4.6 The Codebook.............................................................................200 3.5.4.6.1 Optimum beamforming weights..........................................201 3.5.4.6.2 Signaling of sub-optimum beamforming weights................201 3.5.5 Initial Cell Search ...................................................................202 3.5.5.1 Primary and Secondary Synchronization Signals........................202 3.5.5.2 Procedure....................................................................................204 3.5.6 Random Access......................................................................206 3.5.6.1 PRACH Structure Format 0.........................................................206 3.5.6.2 Random Access Procedure.........................................................208 3.5.7 Inter Cell Interference Mitigation.............................................210 3.5.7.1 Traditional frequency reuse in LTE..............................................210 3.5.7.1.1 Frequency reuse bigger than 1...........................................211 3.5.7.1.2 Frequency reuse 1 with low initial load...............................211 3.5.7.1.3 Frequency reuse 1 strongly increased load........................211 3.5.7.1.4 Frequency reuse 1 after “the party”....................................211 3.5.7.2 Fractional Frequency Reuse with Intercell Interference Coordination............................................................................................212 3.6 UE Classes..........................................................................214 3.6.1 Overview.................................................................................214 3.6.1.1 Classes 1-4..................................................................................214 3.6.1.2 UE class 5...................................................................................215 3.6.2 Calculation of the DL Peak Throughput for LTE UE Class 5...216 The Higher Layers of E-UTRAN...........................................219 4.1 Overview.............................................................................220 4.1.1 E-UTRAN Architecture Control Plane.....................................220 4.1.2 E-UTRAN Architecture User Plane.........................................222 4.2 Features of MAC.................................................................224 4.2.1 Overview.................................................................................224 4.2.1.1 Data transfer logical channels ←→ transport channels..............224 4.2.1.2 Radio resource allocation............................................................224 4.2.2 MAC Random Access Procedure............................................226 4.2.2.1 Contention based random access procedure..............................226 4.2.2.2 Non-contention based random access procedure.......................227 4.2.3 Structure of MAC-PDU............................................................228 4.2.3.1 MAC control element...................................................................229 4.2.3.2 Normal MAC SDU.......................................................................229 4.2.4 MAC Control Elements............................................................230 4.2.4.1 Contention resolution ID..............................................................231 4.2.4.2 Timing Advance...........................................................................231 4.2.4.3 DRX.............................................................................................231 4.2.4.4 Padding.......................................................................................231 4.2.4.5 Short, long and truncated buffer status reports...........................231 4.3 Features of RLC.................................................................232 4.3.1 Overview.................................................................................232 4.3.1.1 Data transfer................................................................................232 4.3.1.2 Error detection and recovery.......................................................232 4.3.1.3 Reset...........................................................................................233 4.3.2 Structure of RLC PDU.............................................................234 4.3.3 Structure of RLC AM with PDCP PDU Segments...................236 4.4 Features of PDCP...............................................................238 4.4.1 Overview.................................................................................238 4.4.1.1 RoHC...........................................................................................238 4.4.1.2 Numbering of PDCP PDU’s.........................................................238 4.4.1.3 In-sequence delivery of PDU’s....................................................238 4.4.1.4 Duplicate deletion........................................................................238 4.4.1.5 Encryption....................................................................................239 4.4.1.6 Integrity Protection.......................................................................239 4.4.2 Structure of PDCP PDU..........................................................240 4.5 Features of RRC.................................................................242 4.5.1 Overview.................................................................................242 4.5.1.1 Transmission of broadcast information........................................243 4.5.1.2 Establish and maintain services..................................................243 4.5.1.3 QoS control..................................................................................243 4.5.1.4 Transfer of dedicated control information....................................243 4.5.2 State Characteristics of RRC..................................................244 4.5.2.1 RRC_IDLE...................................................................................244 4.5.2.2 RRC_CONNECTED....................................................................244 4.6 NAS Protocol States and Transitions...............................246 4.6.1 EMM-DEREGISTERED & ECM-IDLE.....................................246 4.6.2 EMM-REGISTERED & ECM-IDLE..........................................246 4.6.3 EMM-REGISTERED & ECM-CONNECTED...........................247 4.7 Mobility...............................................................................248 4.7.1 Mobility Management in the EMM-DEREGISTERED & ECMIDLE State........................................................................................248 4.7.2 Mobility Management in the EMM-REGISTERED & ECM-IDLE State.................................................................................................250 4.7.3 Mobility Management in the EMM-REGISTERED & ECMCONNECTED State.........................................................................252 4.7.4 Inter RAT Mobility Management..............................................254 4.7.4.1 Cell Reselection (EMM-REGISTERED & ECM-IDLE).................255 4.7.4.2 Handover (EMM-REGISTERED & ECM-CONNECTED)............255 4.8 QoS in LTE..........................................................................256 4.8.1 Bearer Architecture.................................................................256 4.8.2 QoS Parameters.....................................................................258 4.8.2.1 ARP.............................................................................................259 4.8.2.2 Label............................................................................................259 4.8.2.3 GBR.............................................................................................259 4.8.2.4 MBR.............................................................................................259 4.8.2.5 AMBR..........................................................................................259 4.8.3 QoS Classes Identifier............................................................260 4.9 Security in LTE...................................................................262 Selected E-UTRAN Scenarios..............................................265 5.1 Initial Context Setup Procedure........................................266 5.2 Tracking Area Update........................................................268 5.1.1 Inter MME tracking area update..............................................268 5.1.2 Intra MME tracking area update..............................................269 5.3 PDP Context Establishment..............................................270 5.4 Intra MME Handover...........................................................274 5.4.1 Practical Exercise: Intra eNB Handover..................................278 5.5 Inter MME Handover...........................................................280 5.6 How a TCP/IP MTU is reaching the UE / the Internet.......284 5.6.1 TCP/IP layer............................................................................284 5.6.2 PDCP layer.............................................................................284 5.6.3 RLC layer................................................................................284 5.6.4 MAC layer...............................................................................285 5.6.5 PHY layer................................................................................285 Solutions for Practical Exercises........................................287

一个简单的modbus测试工具

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科技中介服务机构如何提升技术供需匹配的精准度？

基于蒙特卡洛，copula函数，fuzzy-kmeans获取6个典型场景进行随机优化多类型电动汽车采用分时电价调度，考虑上级电网出力、峰谷差惩罚费用、风光调度、电动汽车负荷调度费用和网损费用

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科易网基于AI模型+行业大数据，在技术转移、成果转化、技术经纪、知识产权、产业创新、科技招商等垂直领域的多样化应用场景，推出科技创新领域的AI+工具与数智化解决方案，推动科技创新与产业创新智能化发展。

模糊PID与传统PID控制无刷直流电机对比仿真模型（Simulink仿真实现）

内容概要：本文详细介绍了基于Simulink的模糊PID与传统PID控制无刷直流电机（BLDC）的对比仿真模型，旨在通过仿真手段系统性地研究两种控制策略在电机调速系统中的性能差异。模型构建了无刷直流电机的转速电流双闭环控制系统，并采用了三相桥式星型全控电路结构，完整实现了传统PID、模糊PID以及模糊神经网络PID等多种控制算法的对比仿真。通过对动态响应速度、稳态精度、抗干扰能力等关键性能指标的分析，全面展示了模糊PID在应对非线性、时变系统时相较于传统PID的优越性。该仿真平台不仅有助于深入理解现代智能控制算法的工作原理，也为电机控制系统的优化设计提供了可靠的仿真验证工具。; 适合人群：具备自动控制理论基础、电力电子技术和MATLAB/Simulink仿真能力的高校学生、科研人员及自动化、电气工程领域的工程技术人员。; 使用场景及目标：①用于教学实验中对比模糊PID与传统PID控制策略的优劣；②用于科研中优化无刷直流电机控制算法，提升系统动态与稳态性能；③作为电机控制项目开发前期的仿真验证工具。; 阅读建议：建议读者结合Simulink模型文件与相关说明文档，动手运行并修改控制参数，观察不同工况下的系统响应，加深对控制理论的理解与应用能力。同时可拓展至模糊神经网络PID等智能控制方法的研究。

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